Ch 14: The Civil War.

Letter1: JLC to Fannie, 1/1/1863

Chemberlain wrote the letter to express how he loved his wife. He said he alway carried the letters that his wife wrote to him. When he after some dangerous situations such as the terrible fight and the subsequent dangers, he would missed his wife and his children more. At that time, he had to take out and read again the letters to stop the thirst, because he knew he had no idea. Moreover, he mentioned that his division had been on the Rappahannock. His division was waiting an exciting time that the power source would be cut off in a dozen miles region away from his home. He worried about his wife and his children, and he expected he could accompany them in the darkness time. At the end of this letter, he wished God bless his wife, and he expressed how he loved and cherished his sweet wife.

Letter2: JLC to Fannie 1/5/1863

Lincoln missed his wife in a nice night time. Lincoln started his letter with a description of the night environment. In that nice time, he was surrounded by the rich, entrancing and melting bank music. He felt everything at once. He wished one foolish girl-his wife were there. He said to his wife that he really felt lonely. He missed and loved his wife, but he was stupid in emotion expression.

1863, Lincoln's proclamation made after a crucial victory at Antietam, allowed Lincoln to push for something radical; frees all slaves in areas under rebellion; this excludes the border states, keeping them on the side of the union, prevents foreign powers from entering the war for slavery, provides a rationale for the war, and allows blacks to enlist in the army.

5 political parties supported candidates for the presidency: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Radical Republicans, & National Union Party; each political party offered a diff. point of view on how the war should be run & what should be done to the Confederate states after the war; National Union Party joined w/ Lincoln, who won the election on the recent northern victories against the South; decided that the Confederacy would lose & that slavery was dead. Major players: Lincoln v. McClellan.

Ch 13: A House Divided.

A short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. Founded in Buffalo, New York, it was a third party and a single-issue party that largely appealed to and drew its greatest strength from New York State. The party leadership consisted of former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery. They opposed slavery in the new territories (agreeing with the Wilmot proviso) and sometimes worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against freed African Americans in states such as Ohio.

Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opening new lands for settlement, and had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing white male settlers in those territories to determine through popular sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory. The act was designed by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. The initial purpose of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was to open up many thousands of new farms and make feasible a Midwestern Transcontinental Railroad. It became problematic when popular sovereignty was written into the proposal so that the voters of the moment would decide whether slavery would be allowed. The result was that pro- and anti-slavery elements flooded into Kansas with the goal of voting slavery up or down, leading to a bloody civil war there.

An American political movement that operated on a national basis during the mid 1850s. It promised to purify American politics by limiting or ending the influence of Irish Catholics and other immigrants, thus reflecting nativism and anti-Catholic sentiment. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants, whom they saw as hostile to republican values and controlled by the pope in Rome. Mainly active from 1854 to 1856, it strove to curb immigration and naturalization, but met with little success. Membership was limited to Protestant males. There were few prominent leaders, and the largely middle-class membership fragmented over the issue of slavery.

A landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that African Americans, whether slave or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court,[2][3] and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States. Dred Scott, an African American slave who had been taken by his owners to free states and territories, attempted to sue for his freedom. In a 7-2 decision written by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, the Court denied Scott's request and in doing so, ruled an Act of Congress to be unconstitutional for the second time in its history.

Ch11: The Peculiar Institution.

"Voice of Freedom"

1. To whom is Douglass addressing his book, and how does the intended audience affect his argument?

Frederick Douglass’s book influenced a lot of slaves in the nineteenth century. Douglass was addressing his book to all American slaves. He also was a slave and lost freedom in America. He wanted his argument of the book to intended audiences. Therefore, he wrote many slaves’ real lives in his book to touch every audience. He also tried to use his own experience to confirm what freedom was an important thing in a person’s live.

2. Why does Douglass so strongly link education with freedom?

Douglass known what the freedom means to a slave. Douglass was a American slave in the nineteenth century. He had a same feeling with other slaves. They lived in the bottom of the society, and never known what their freedom were at that time in America. Douglass encouraged people to fight for their freedom. Douglass so strongly linked education with freedom because slaves should write their own passes and not control by other people. Also, Education could make slaves got rid of their poor souls, and known how to find a good chance to fight their freedom from books.

"Give Me Liberty"

1. Describe the difference between gang labor and task labor for slaves, and explain how slaves’ tasks varied by region across the Old South.

The gang labor and task labor were different on the crop and the size of the holding, and slaves’ tasks varied in the different regions of the South. First, the gang labor existed on large plantations in the Cotton Belt and in the sugar fields of the southern Louisiana. The gang slaves were under the direction of the overseer. And, the task labor existed on the rich plantations of South Carolina and Georgia. The task slaves were assigned verily tasks for day. Also, slaves had different tasks because of different regions. Some task slaves worked in the poor fields, they needed to work as field hands; most city slaves were servants and cook laborers; and many urban slaves even lived on their own.

2. How did enslaved people create community and a culture that allowed them to survive in an oppressive society?

The enslaved people could create community and a culture in that oppressive society because they never forgot to fight for their freedom. The enslaved people forged a semi-independent culture because they were controlled by white. In that time, they still had their own music and dances, style of religious worship, and the use of herbs. Along with the black population far outnumbered the white, the salve culture began to play an important role in America. Also, many African slaves lived and had children in America. Their children were influenced by African traditions and American culture.

Ch 6: The Revolution Within.

     "Voice of Freedom"     

1. why does Jefferson declare that religious freedom is a “natural right”?

Because he did view the religious freedom as a part of the civil compact he also said that we are free to declare that rights hereby asserted are the natural rights of the men. Jefferson believe that this function of the government can protect this right. the influence of Jefferson concept of religion freedom can be in article VI. the first amendment to the constitution adopted in 1791.

2. does Jefferson seek to weaken or strengthen religion by prohibiting governmental enforcement of religious belief?

Jefferson become a strong advocate on the separation between state and church. Jefferson drafted a bill that end in 1779. The struggle for the independence leave different group of religion support by them self, but Jefferson strengthen the religion prohibiting governmental enforcement of religious because he offered governmental support to a variety of churches. this must wait to 1786 for Jefferson measure become a law.

"Give Me LIberty"

1. For the lower classes, colonial society had been based on inequality, deference, and obedience. How did the American Revolution challenge that social order?

The American Revolution challenged that social order in many areas on American society. The Revolutionary War had a great affect on the social, political and economic parts of Colonial America. The Revolution limited some of the rules placed on society. The Native Americans were affected by the War as well. Moreover, the revolution forced debates on political. Also, the War allowed American ships to be independent. Not being forced to contain English sailors and equipment on board. America was completely economy independent from Britain after the Revolutionary War.

2. What was the impact of the American Revolution on Native Americans?

The Native American was the biggest loser after the American Revolution. For many Indian communities, the Revolutionary War interrupted the fur and hide trade. Indian nations at this time had been incorporated into a globalized economy. Therefore, they had come to depend on many European trade goods. Also, many Indians, both individual warriors and Indian nations. They were required to support the American cause during the war. Even this did not give them any advantages following the war. Moreover, the Native Americans lost their lands after the Revolution.

Ch 5: The American Revolution, 1763-1783.

     "Voice of Freedom"     

1. Why do you think the Virginia House of Burgesses adopted the first four resolutions but rejected the first three?

In the eighteenth century, the Virginia House of Burgesses only accepted the first four of seven resolutions on the Stamp Act because the last three were too drastic. The first four resolutions were requests which treat the people equally and with a little independence, and they didn’t allow taxes or laws to pass without representation. The last three instead would have lowered the colonists’ liberty. One law, for example, would have said that it is possible to pass laws and taxes without any representation.

2. What would be the difference between the resolutions’ arguments on “British freedom” and appealing to a more universal concept of liberty?

What England considered as “British freedom” could not be compared to the liberty the Americans had. What they called freedom was more a law connected to several rules. The British freedom was always affected by the king and the British people. The American liberty enabled the colonies to back out of the political connection with Great Britain and to create their own independent rules and laws. The rules and laws of the American liberty was fairer than the ones of the British freedom.

"Give Me LIberty"

1. Discuss the ramifications of using slaves in the British and Continental Armies. Why did the British authorize the use of slaves? Why did the Americans? How did the slave benefit?

The British and the Continental Armies deployed black people as recruits during the Revolution war in the eighteenth century. The Americans under George Washington first refused blacks in their army, but Washington changed his mind after he saw that the British hired blacks for their army. The blacks who joined the armies were offered freedom after their service, so over 5,000 blacks joined the both armies. Besides the South of the colonies, they didn’t offered freedom to the slaves who joined the army but they recied some independence.

2. Why did people in other countries believe that the American Revolution (or Declaration of Independence) was important to them or their own countries?

The American revolution let other countries realize that they can fight for their own independence and that every person in a country has a “voice”. America introduces other countries to the concept of democracy and away from monarchy. The Revolution made it happen that people could vote for their own government and that they had a choice. America renounced itself from Britain, their former ruler and created their own independence.

Chapter 3: Creating Anglo-America, 1660-1750.

"Voice of Freedom"

1- What are penn's arguments in favor of religious liberty?

Pennsylvania was last colony established By English in seventeenth century. Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn in 1680. Penn assumed the colony as a place for religious persecution in Europe could enjoy spiritual freedom. His argument was to held the spirit of God to make a live within all people, not just elect. It was also about the Bible, and the teachings of the clergy to offer the guidance in spiritual matters. Thus, the government could not enforce in religious worship in the colony. Penn principled the religious toleration, although office holding to Christians was limited.

2- Why does the document refer to "the rights of the free-born subjects of England”?

“Free born subjects of England” was the right where promises would be enjoyed by the colonists. For the well governing of the colonial territories and provinces, there was an Assembly yearly chosen by the freemen. And it consists of four persons of each county for wisdom and virtue. The Assembly should have a power to choose Speakers and officers, prepare Bills in order to pass the Laws. It should have all powers and privileges for an Assembly, according to the rights of the free born subjects of England.

"Give Me LIberty"

1- Both the Puritans and William Penn viewed their colonies as “holy experiments.” How did they differ?

In the seventeenth century, William Penn envisioned it as a place where those facing religious persecution in Europe could enjoy spiritual freedom and colonists and Indians would coexist in harmony. Penn was largely responsible for the frame of government announced in 1677, the West Jersey Concessions, one of the most liberal of the era. However, the Puritans try to reform and practice Puritan religion. They give a free colony for all mankind that should go hither.  He hoped them the equality of all persons before God and the primacy of the individual conscience. Religious freedom was Penn’s most fundamental principle. Penn’s aggressive efforts to publicize the colony’s advantages, attracted immigrants from all over western Europe.

2- How did English leaders 

understand the place and role of the american colonies in England’s empire?

By the mid-eighteenth century, the different regions of the British colonies had developed distinct economic and social orders. They are settlements of back-country which was the most rapidly growing region in North America. As late as 1750, eight cities in Spanish America exceeded in size any in English North America. English American cities served mainly as gathering places for agricultural goods and for imported items to be distributed to the countryside. Meanwhile, the trade also expanded, the North American and West Indian colonies became the major overseas market for British manufactured goods. The mainland colonies carried on a flourishing trade in fish and grains with southern Europe.

Chapter 2: Beginnings Of English America, 1607-1660.

"Voice of Freedom"

1- What advantages does the Virginia Company see in the promotion of family life in the colony of Virginia?

In that time there were a lot of men comparing to the women. The rate is like four of five men to one woman. So, the Virginia Company wanted to give the man servants the demand to have him works in the tobacco fields. So, the Company were sending some tobacco as brides to immigrant women. the Virginia strategy is to control the men servants by prepared marriages to the immigrant women.

2- Why does the company prefer that the women marry landowning men rather than servants?

Because, it's like a business deal between the immigrant women sender and the the Virginia Company. Men outnumbered women about four to one so even a servant could marry a wealthy plantation owner It seems like, exchange between women and tobacco. So, the women sender asked the Lord of the Virginia Company to preserve families and prefer the married men first then the single ones.

"Give Me LIberty"

1- How did the tobacco economy draw the Chesapeake colonies into the greater Atlantic world?

Tobacco started to become really popular the colonies wanted to be imported and started the basis of the economy. Integrated into the greater Atlantic trade, which caused an increase in slavery.

2- In what ways did the economy, government, and household structure differ in New England And the Chesapeake colonies?

In New England, settlers arrived in families. These settlers were older than those in VA and MA and more balanced in the ratio of gender. MA was organized in towns which had local government. Land was handled with grants and while land was used for agriculture, it also remained common. Each town had a church and school. The government was controlled by shareholders of the MA Bay Company, which created the General Court, enabling churchgoing freemen to vote for governor.

Chapter 1: A New World.

     "Voice of Freedom"     

1- What does the petition tell us about the extent of religious toleration in the seventeenth century?
The book tells us that Jews were unsafe in the seventeenth century. They were forced to change their religion to be Christians. The Jews had only one place to be safe to have their own religion and that was Netherlands. So, a lot of Spanish and Portuguese Jews moved to there after the restraint from the Eastern Europe especially. So, The Jews were suffering in the seventeenth century.

2- How do the petitioners argue that allowing Jew to settle will benefit New Netherlands?

The petitioners had some facts that were important for the New Netherlands. One of these facts is Power that they have. And that was shown while they are controlling the ships and the military. And that was without any hand from the Dutch government. The petitioners also considered the Jews faithful. Because they were well know as a honest people in Brazil nation. As well the economy was developing and that's what the petitioners want. After all the Jews were free to have their own religion in this nation.

"Give Me LIberty"

1- Describe why the discovery of America was one of the most important events recorded in the history of mankind, ” according to Adam Smith”

According to Adam Smith, the goods such as fur and wildlife not found in Europe. The discovery allowed for better trading. Europeans were able to increase the "enjoyments". European settlers were able to own more land and were given a better opportunity to worship. Free labor.

2- What were the main factors fueling the European age of expansion?

The European conquest of America began as an offshoot of the quest for a sea route to India, China, and the islands of the East Indies, the source of the silk, tea, spices, porcelain, and other luxury goods on which international trade in the early modern era centered. For centuries, this commerce had been conducted across land, from China and South Asia to the Middle East and the Mediterranean region. Profit and piety—the desire to eliminate Islamic middlemen and win control of the lucrative trade for Christian western Europe—combined to inspire the quest for a direct route to Asia.